Countries all over the world are running out of fossil resources due to the world’s population growth and the necessity to exploit natural resources to get fossil fuels. Although fossil fuels have long been a significant source of energy, they are unsustainable and harmful to the environment. A cheap, accessible source of environmentally safe agricultural waste has never been more important for biofuel production. Biofuels are cheap, environmentally benign, renewable, and biodegradable. They are created by microbes from discarded lignocellulosic biomass. Agricultural waste conversion into biofuel does not improve food security, but it does aid in waste management, stop environmental deterioration, and ensure energy security. The goal of the current project is to investigate the production of biofuels from agricultural waste, with a focus on bioethanol, biohydrogen, biomethane, biochar, and biodiesel for diverse uses. The classifications of these fuels based on the raw material and the liquid, solid, and gas states, as well as based on the physical state, are first, second, and third generation biofuels, which are explained in this study. As a result, wastes generated by agricultural processes and activities have value and can help achieve the goal of affordable and accessible worldwide renewable energy.
However, the increasing deployment of radar and air defense systems has necessitated the development of stealth capabilities in UAVs. Stealth drones are specifically engineered to operate in contested environments by reducing their detectability across multiple sensing domains, including radar, infrared (IR), acoustic, and visual detection systems.
The concept of stealth is not new; it has been widely applied in manned aircraft such as the F-117 Nighthawk and B-2 Spirit. However, integrating stealth features into UAVs presents unique challenges due to size, payload constraints, and operational requirements.
This paper aims to provide a detailed review of stealth drone technologies, covering fundamental principles, design methodologies, materials, and emerging innovations.
Background and Objective: The human gastrointestinal tract harbors a complex and dynamic community of microorganisms collectively known as the intestinal microbiota, which plays a crucial role in maintaining metabolic, immunological, and physiological homeostasis. These microorganisms regulate essential bodily functions, including digestion, nutrient absorption, immune modulation, and protection against pathogenic organisms. Disruption of the intestinal microbial balance (dysbiosis) has been increasingly associated with a wide range of diseases, such as metabolic disorders, inflammatory conditions, autoimmune diseases, and gastrointestinal dysfunctions. In recent years, growing scientific interest has focused on the potential of medicinal plants and bioactive herbal compounds to modulate gut microbiota composition, enhance beneficial microbial populations, and restore intestinal homeostasis. Understanding the interaction between herbal compounds and gut microbiota may provide novel, safe, and complementary therapeutic strategies for the prevention and management of microbiota-related diseases.
Materials and Methods: Information related to this study was obtained from searching databases such as SID, Magiran, Google Scholar, and PubMed using the keywords medicinal plants, intestinal microbiota, dysbiosis, and microbiome.
Findings: In today’s medical science, it is believed that the intestinal microbiota affects the central nervous system through the enteric nervous system, and this view is due to the similarity of the enteric nervous system to the central nervous system and its autonomy. These microorganisms affect energy generation, normal body function, the immune system, obesity, thinness, malnutrition, neurological disorders, mood and cancer in humans. On the other hand, there are many studies on the effect of medicinal plants and essential oils of medicinal plants in creating a balance in the intestinal microbial population, which can prevent the above diseases in the first stage and, in most cases, be effective in treating the aforementioned diseases.
Conclusion: The balance of the intestinal microbiota is an influential factor in the functioning of organs and the health of all body systems, including the nervous system, and in some cases even prevents the development and occurrence of various diseases. Today’s medical science believes that the intestinal microbiota regulates the functioning of the central nervous system through the enteric nervous system, the production of metabolites, and the stimulation of the immune system. According to studies, utilizing the properties of some medicinal plants can help to restore the microbial balance of the intestinal flora.
The research develops a comprehensive theoretical framework integrating three core dimensions: (1) the digital asset economy, including NFTs and blockchain-enabled ownership structures; (2) AI-driven behavioral intelligence, encompassing avatar analytics, purchase prediction, and immersive personalization; and (3) governance and risk moderators, including cybersecurity, privacy, regulatory compliance, and cultural acceptance. Building upon these dimensions, the study proposes the Metaverse Marketing Management Model (M³ Model), a five-layer strategic architecture consisting of the Data Layer, AI Analytics Layer, Immersive Brand Design Layer, Engagement Strategy Layer, and Performance & ROI Measurement Layer.
The model reconceptualizes marketing management from communication optimization to immersive ecosystem orchestration, where firms operate as architects of experiential digital environments. The study contributes to marketing theory by integrating digital asset economics with AI-powered spatial analytics and introducing governance mechanisms as structural moderators of sustainable performance. The paper concludes that while metaverse marketing offers unprecedented opportunities for engagement depth, brand loyalty, and revenue diversification, its sustainable implementation depends on robust cybersecurity infrastructures, ethical AI governance, adaptive regulatory compliance, and culturally responsive strategies.
Tomatoes are widely consumed worldwide due to their attractive color, unique flavor, and high levels of antioxidants such as lycopene and carotenoids. However, postharvest tomatoes are highly perishable because of their high moisture content and respiration rate, which accelerate chlorophyll degradation, carotenoid accumulation, softening, and color change during storage. These changes lead to significant economic losses. In this study, the effects of atmospheric cold plasma (ACP) treatment at different intensities (40, 60, and 80 kV) on the storage quality and chlorophyll metabolism of postharvest tomatoes were investigated. Tomatoes were treated with ACP for 5 minutes and stored at 10 ± 0.5 °C for 35 days. Several quality parameters including respiration intensity, firmness, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), and weight loss rate were evaluated during storage. In addition, the activities of chlorophyll degradation enzymes and the expression of key genes related to chlorophyll metabolism (CLH1, PPH, PAO, and RCCR) were analyzed. The results showed that ACP treatment significantly inhibited respiration intensity and weight loss while maintaining higher firmness, TSS, and TA contents compared with the control group. Furthermore, ACP treatment slowed chlorophyll degradation and carotenoid accumulation, thereby delaying the red ripening process of tomatoes. Among the tested treatments, the 60 kV ACP treatment demonstrated the most effective preservation performance by significantly suppressing chlorophyllase and PAO enzyme activities and downregulating the expression of CLH1, PPH, and RCCR genes. These findings indicate that ACP treatment, particularly at 60 kV, is a promising non-thermal and chemical-free technology for improving the postharvest quality and extending the shelf life of tomatoes.
